1. Error 내용 /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/gspread/utils.py in convert_credentials(credentials) 59 60 raise TypeError( ---> 61 'Credentials need to be from either oauth2client or from google-auth.' 62 ) 63 TypeError : Credentials need to be from either oauth2client or from google-auth. 2. 해결방안 # as-is # gauth.credentials = GoogleCredentials.get_application_default() # gc = gspread.authorize(gauth.credentials) # to-be # from google.auth import default # creds, _ = default() # gc = gspread.authorize(creds) <참고> https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/snippets/sheets.ipynb https://github.com/burnash/gspread/issues/1014